Solution Phase Combinatorial Chemistry Pdf Free VERIFIED
The use of solution phase techniques has been explored as an alternative to solid-phase chemistry approaches for the preparation of arrays of compounds in the drug discovery process. Solution-phase work is free from some of the constraints of solid-phase approaches but has disadvantages with respect to purification. This article will also illustrate some of the advances made in recent years in solution phase array chemistry including using supported reagents and simple extractive protocols for the effective preparation of high quality samples.
Solution Phase Combinatorial Chemistry Pdf Free
The authors had created a mutant of TetR that displayed specificity for the tetracycline analogue (1). A solution-phase library approach was used to make a number of further analogues via a strategy that involved the use of cross-conjugated trienes as central building blocks facilitating two consecutive cycloadditions with different dienophiles. Three naphthoquinones (2) were reacted with a range of six cross-conjugated trienes (3), and then, the Diels-Alder products reacted with a set often maleimides (4). Following preparative hplc, the products (5) were obtained in 27 to 86% yield, with ninety-five percent showing purities exceeding 90%.
A family of penta- and hexadentate metal ligating a-amino acids, suitably protected for Fmoc solid-phase chemistry, has been prepared. These residues incorporate the mono-amides of ethanolaminetriacetic acid, ethylenediaminetri-acetic acid, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid as metal chelating side chains.10
Dynamic combinatorial library design exploiting the thiol-disulphide exchange readily affords access to glycosyldi-sulphides. In order to reveal lectin-binding properties of this type of non-hydrolysable sugar derivative, libraries originating from a mixture of common building blocks of natural glycans and thiocompounds were tested in a solid-phase assay against three plant agglutinins.20
Trifilenkov, A. S.; Kobak, V. V.; Salina, M. A.; Kusovkova, J. A.; Ilyin, A. P.; Khvat, A. V.; Tkachenko, S. E.; Ivachtchenko, A. V. Liquid-phase parallel synthesis of combinatorial libraries of substituted 6-carbamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[1,4]thiazines. Journal of Combinatorial Chemistry 2006, 8 (4), 469-479.
Doi, T.; Hoshina, Y.; Mogi, H.; Yamada, Y.; Takahashi, T. Solid-phase combinatorial synthesis of aeruginosin derivatives and their biological evaluation. Journal of Combinatorial Chemistry 2006, 8 (4), 571-582.
Kotlyar, V.; Shahar, L.; Lellouche, J.-P. A simple homemade reaction station for use in parallel solution-phase synthesis. Optimization of a regioselective one-step deprotective o-formylation reaction mediated by the Vilsmeier-Haack reagent POCl3DMF. Molecular Diversity 2006, 10 (2), 255-264.
Combinatorial chemistry had been invented by Furka Á (Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary) who described the principle of it, the combinatorial synthesis and a deconvolution procedure in a document that was notarized in 1982.[2] The principle of the combinatorial method is: synthesize a multi-component compound mixture (combinatorial library) in a single stepwise procedure and screen it to find drug candidates or other kinds of useful compounds also in a single process. The most important innovation of the combinatorial method is to use mixtures in the synthesis and screening that ensures the high productivity of the process. Motivations that led to the invention had been published in 2002.[3]
Although combinatorial chemistry has only really been taken up by industry since the 1990s,[4] its roots can be seen as far back as the 1960s when a researcher at Rockefeller University, Bruce Merrifield, started investigating the solid-phase synthesis of peptides.
In its modern form, combinatorial chemistry has probably had its biggest impact in the pharmaceutical industry.[5] Researchers attempting to optimize the activity profile of a compound create a 'library' of many different but related compounds.[6] [7] Advances in robotics have led to an industrial approach to combinatorial synthesis, enabling companies to routinely produce over 100,000 new and unique compounds per year.[8]
Combinatorial split-mix (split and pool) synthesis [10][11] is based on the solid-phase synthesis developed by Merrifield.[12] If a combinatorial peptide library is synthesized using 20 amino acids (or other kinds of building blocks) the bead form solid support is divided into 20 equal portions. This is followed by coupling a different amino acid to each portion. The third step is the mixing of all portions. These three steps comprise a cycle. Elongation of the peptide chains can be realized by simply repeating the steps of the cycle.
A "parallel synthesis" method was developed by Mario Geysen and his colleagues for preparation of peptide arrays.[17] They synthesized 96 peptides on plastic rods (pins) coated at their ends with the solid support. The pins were immersed into the solution of reagents placed in the wells of a microtiter plate. The method is widely applied particularly by using automatic parallel synthesizers. Although the parallel method is much slower than the real combinatorial one, its advantage is that it is exactly known which peptide or other compound forms on each pin.
In the drug discovery process, the synthesis and biological evaluation of small molecules of interest have typically been a long and laborious process. Combinatorial chemistry has emerged in recent decades as an approach to quickly and efficiently synthesize large numbers of potentialsmall molecule drug candidates. In a typical synthesis, only a single target molecule is produced at the end of a synthetic scheme, with each step in a synthesis producing only a single product. In a combinatorial synthesis, when using only single starting material, it is possible to synthesize a large library of molecules using identical reaction conditions that can then be screened for their biological activity. This pool of products is then split into three equal portions containing each of the three products, and then each of the three individual pools is then reacted with another unit of reagent B, C, or D, producing 9 unique compounds from the previous 3. This process is then repeated until the desired number of building blocks is added, generating many compounds. When synthesizing a library of compounds by a multi-step synthesis, efficient reaction methods must be employed, and if traditional purification methods are used after each reaction step, yields and efficiency will suffer.
Solid-phase synthesis offers potential solutions to obviate the need for typical quenching and purification steps often used in synthetic chemistry. In general, a starting molecule is adhered to a solid support (typically an insoluble polymer), then additional reactions are performed, and the final product is purified and then cleaved from the solid support. Since the molecules of interest are attached to a solid support, it is possible to reduce the purification after each reaction to a single filtration/wash step, eliminating the need for tedious liquid-liquid extraction and solvent evaporation steps that most synthetic chemistry involves. Furthermore, by using heterogeneous reactants, excess reagents can be used to drive sluggish reactions to completion, which can further improve yields. Excess reagents can simply be washed away without the need for additional purification steps such as chromatography.
Over the years, a variety of methods have been developed to refine the use of solid-phase organic synthesis in combinatorial chemistry, including efforts to increase the ease of synthesis and purification, as well as non-traditional methods to characterize intermediate products. Althoughthe majority of the examples described here will employ heterogeneous reaction media in every reaction step, Booth and Hodges provide an early example of using solid-supported reagents only during the purification step of traditional solution-phase syntheses.[21] In their view,solution-phase chemistry offers the advantages of avoiding attachment and cleavage reactions necessary to anchor and remove molecules to resins as well as eliminating the need to recreate solid-phase analogues of established solution-phase reactions.
In most of the syntheses described here, it is necessary to attach and remove the starting reagent to/from a solid support. This can lead to the generation of a hydroxyl group, which can potentially affect the biological activity of a target compound. Ellman uses solid phase supports in a multi-step synthesis scheme to obtain 192 individual 1,4-benzodiazepine derivatives, which are well-known therapeutic agents.[26] To eliminate the possibility of potential hydroxyl group interference, a novel method using silyl-aryl chemistry is used to link the molecules to the solid support which cleaves from the support and leaves no trace of the linker.
When anchoring a molecule to a solid support, intermediates cannot be isolated from one another without cleaving the molecule from the resin. Since many of the traditional characterization techniques used to track reaction progress and confirm product structure are solution-based,different techniques must be used. Gel-phase 13 C NMR spectroscopy, MALDI mass spectrometry, and IR spectroscopy have been used to confirm structure and monitor the progress of solid-phase reactions.[27] Gordon et al., describe several case studies that utilize imines and peptidyl phosphonates to generate combinatorial libraries of small molecules.[27] To generate the imine library, an amino acid tethered to a resin is reacted in the presence of an aldehyde. The authors demonstrate the use of fast 13 C gel phase NMR spectroscopy and magic angle spinning 1 H NMR spectroscopy to monitor the progress of reactions and showed that most imines could be formed in as little as 10 minutes at room temperature when trimethyl orthoformate was used as the solvent. The formed imines were then derivatized to generate 4-thiazolidinones, B-lactams, and pyrrolidines.